In the development of modern stomatology, dental materials, as the material basis for diagnosis and restoration, are profoundly influencing the selection of treatment plans and the improvement of clinical outcomes through continuous breakthroughs in their performance. From early metal casting to today's multi-composite systems, dental materials have been continuously optimized in terms of strength, aesthetics, biocompatibility, and machinability, providing solid support for precise, minimally invasive, and personalized treatment.
Metallic materials have long held an important position in clinical practice, especially cobalt-chromium alloys and titanium alloys. Cobalt-chromium alloys, with their excellent mechanical strength and corrosion resistance, are widely used in fixed prostheses, removable denture frameworks, and implant components, maintaining stable shape and function under complex stress environments. Titanium alloys are known for their low density, high specific strength, and excellent biocompatibility; their elastic modulus is closer to that of bone tissue, reducing stress shielding effects, and therefore they are widely used in implant and abutment manufacturing. However, the aesthetic limitations of metallic materials have prompted the industry to continuously explore non-metallic alternatives with more biomimetic effects.
The rise of ceramic materials has greatly enriched restorative methods. Zirconia ceramics, due to their superior flexural strength and fracture toughness, can withstand significant occlusal forces in the posterior teeth region, and their color closely resembles natural teeth, making them a mainstream choice for all-ceramic crowns, bridges, and implant restorations. Glass-ceramics offer advantages in transparency and aesthetics, making them suitable for restorations requiring high gloss and depth, such as anterior veneers and inlays. Although ceramic brittleness remains a challenge, its impact resistance has been significantly improved through compositional control and microstructural design.
Resin-based composite materials have developed rapidly in recent years, particularly in temporary restorations, occlusal pads, and pediatric dentistry. These materials possess good plasticity and ease of handling, allowing for rapid molding and achieving sufficient strength through light curing. Advances in the wear resistance and aesthetic stability of novel nanofilling resins are continuously increasing their feasibility for long-term clinical use.
Furthermore, bioactive materials are gaining traction. Composite materials containing bio-glass or hydroxyapatite can promote bonding with tooth or bone tissue under specific conditions, offering potential for remineralization and tissue regeneration.
In the future, dental materials will develop in multiple directions, including high strength, high simulation, bioactivity, and intelligent response, while also taking into account the adaptability of digital processing, in order to meet the needs of immediate chairside restoration and personalized customization, and continuously promote oral medicine towards the goals of greater precision, minimally invasiveness, and aesthetics.
